Which are common side effects of ipratropium?

Ipratropium is an anticholinergic medication commonly used for managing respiratory conditions such as asthma and COPD. One of the hallmark effects of anticholinergic drugs is their ability to block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that can influence various bodily functions, leading to several common side effects.

Dry mouth occurs frequently due to reduced saliva production as acetylcholine mediates salivary gland function. Patients may notice a significant decrease in moisture within the mouth, which can also lead to discomfort or difficulty swallowing.

Increased intraocular pressure is a potential side effect especially in patients with existing glaucoma. Anticholinergics can dilate the pupils (mydriasis) which may then impede the drainage of aqueous humor, consequently increasing the pressure within the eye.

Urinary retention can occur as a result of the relaxation of the bladder muscle due to the blocking of acetylcholine, which is essential for bladder contraction and urination. Patients might experience difficulty in fully emptying their bladder or increased hesitancy when starting urination.

Given these factors, all of these potential side effects are linked to the pharmacological actions of ipratropium, making "all of the above" the correct choice. This comprehensive understanding highlights